History/Historical Figures | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Igor Gouzenko

    Igor Sergeievitch Gouzenko, Soviet intelligence officer, author (born 26 January 1919 in Rogachev, Russia; died 25 June 1982 in Mississauga, ON). Igor Gouzenko was a Soviet cipher clerk stationed at the Soviet Union’s Ottawa embassy during the Second World War. Just weeks after the end of the war, Gouzenko defected to the Canadian government with proof that his country had been spying on its wartime allies: Canada, Britain and the United States. This prompted what is known as the Gouzenko Affair. Gouzenko sought asylum for himself and his family in Canada. His defection caused a potentially dangerous international crisis. Many historians consider it the beginning of the Cold War.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/ef877228-646a-42e0-8096-b939feb24100.jpg Igor Gouzenko

  • Editorial

    Editorial: Igor Gouzenko Defects to Canada

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. A knock on the apartment door froze him in his steps. Another knock, louder, more insistent. The knocking turned to pounding. A voice called his name several times. Finally, the pounding stopped, and he heard footsteps going down the stairs. He knew he needed help.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/ef877228-646a-42e0-8096-b939feb24100.jpg Editorial: Igor Gouzenko Defects to Canada

  • Article

    British Home Children

    On 14 April 1826, an obscure police magistrate in London, England, Robert Chambers, told a committee of the British Parliament dealing with emigration: "I conceive that London has got too full of children." Chambers was alarmed at the number of youngsters, victims of east-end London's chronic poverty, who were begging in the streets and sleeping in the gutters. He had a recommendation which may well have been in the minds of others and which was to become reality several decades later in one of the most Draconian movements in the history of emigration. Chambers recommended that Britain's surplus children be sent to Canada as farm labour.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/3f5cab82-83b8-449c-a7f1-2bfff8549915.jpg British Home Children

  • Article

    Indian Agents in Canada

    Indian agents were the Canadian government’s representatives on First Nations reserves from the 1830s to the 1960s. Often working in isolated locations far from settler communities, Indian agents implemented government policy, enforced and administered the provisions of the Indian Act, and managed the day-to-day affairs of Status Indians. Today, the position of Indian agent no longer exists, as First Nations manage their own affairs through modern band councils or self-government.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/IndianAgent/indian agent3.jpg Indian Agents in Canada

  • Article

    Indigenous Perspectives on the Fur Trade

    Indigenous peoples in Canada were essential players in the fur trade of the early 17th to the mid-19th centuries. They provided animal furs, including highly sought-after beaver pelts, to European traders, who, in turn, gave Indigenous peoples manufactured items like pots, beads, textiles and weapons. While some past historians have framed the fur trade as a predominately unequal commercial exchange, it was conducted according to First Nations laws and principles, and worked to transform strangers into kin and sometimes even enemies into allies. When European traders arrived in North America, they entered an Indigenous world on Indigenous terms and travelled and traded there only with the co-operation and goodwill of First Nations. Indigenous peoples taught European newcomers how to behave in the fur trade, emphasizing the importance of gift-giving, reciprocity and family obligations. From an Indigenous perspective then, the fur trade was as much about family, co-operation and reciprocity as it was about commerce and exchange.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/IPFurTrade.jpg Indigenous Perspectives on the Fur Trade

  • Article

    Intendant

    Intendant of New France, office created in 1663 when Louis XIV established a system of colonial government, including a Gouverneur and Sovereign council.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Intendant

  • Article

    Internment of Japanese Canadians

    The forcible expulsion and confinement of Japanese Canadians during the Second World War is one of the most tragic sets of events in Canada’s history. Some 21,000 Japanese Canadians were taken from their homes on Canada’s West Coast, without any charge or due process. Beginning 24 February 1942, around 12,000 of them were exiled to remote areas of British Columbia and elsewhere. The federal government stripped them of their property and pressured many of them to accept mass deportation after the war. Those who remained were not allowed to return to the West Coast until 1 April 1949. In 1988, the federal government officially apologized for its treatment of Japanese Canadians. A redress payment of $21,000 was made to each survivor, and more than $12 million was allocated to a community fund and human rights projects.This article is the full-length text on Japanese Internment in Canada. For a plain-language summary, see Internment of Japanese Canadians (Plain-Language Summary).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/0bec6156-0467-4a97-909f-da599383381d.jpg Internment of Japanese Canadians

  • Article

    Inuit Experiences at Residential School

    Residential schools were government-sponsored religious schools created to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Schools in the North were run by missionaries for nearly a century before the federal government began to open new, so-called modern institutions in the 1950s. This was less than a decade after a Special Joint Committee (see Indigenous Suffrage) found that the system was ineffectual. The committee’s recommendations led to the eventual closure of residential schools across the country. 

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/InuitResidentialSchool/Inuit-Residenital-School (Library and Archives Canada_PA-042133).jpg Inuit Experiences at Residential School

  • Article

    Irene Spry

    Irene Mary Spry (née Biss), economic historian (born 28 August 1907 in Standerton, Transvaal, South Africa; died 16 December 1998 in Ottawa, ON).

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Irene Spry

  • Editorial

    Irene Parlby and the United Farmers of Alberta

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. Most Canadians, if they have heard of Irene Parlby, know her as one of the “Famous Five.” This group of five Alberta women were plaintiffs in a court case that argued women were indeed persons under the British North America Act (now the Constitution Act, 1867) and thus entitled to be named to the Senate. It was a landmark case in the long struggle by women to achieve political and legal equality in Canada. But Parlby’s historical significance rests on much more than just the Persons Case.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/IreneParlby/UFA_caucus.jpg Irene Parlby and the United Farmers of Alberta

  • Article

    Irving Abella

    Irving Martin Abella, CM, O Ont, FRSC, historian, professor, administrator (born 2 July 1940 in Toronto, ON; died 3 July 2022). Irving Abella was a professor of history at York University from 1968 to 2013. He was a pioneer in the field of Canadian labour history and also specialized in the history of Jewish people in Canada. Abella was co-author of the book None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe 1933–1948, which documented antisemitism in the Canadian government’s immigration policies. Abella served as president of the Canadian Jewish Congress from 1992 to 1995 and helped establish the Centre for Jewish Studies at York University. He was a Member of the Order of Canada and the Order of Ontario and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/6d356bb1-8262-40a1-a024-3e8d3226a9da.jpg Irving Abella

  • Article

    Isaac de Razilly

    Isaac de Razilly, naval captain, knight of Malta, colonizer and lieutenant-general in Acadia (b at Château d'Oiseaumelle, Touraine, France 1587; d at La Hève, Acadia 1636).

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Isaac de Razilly

  • Article

    Isaac Jogues

    Isaac Jogues, Jesuit missionary, martyr (b at Orléans, France 10 Jan 1607; d at Auriesville, NY 18 Oct 1646). Jogues entered the Society of Jesus in 1624. Sent to the Canadian missions in 1636, he was captured and tortured

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/28a1da63-9201-4546-aeba-40a8fea91a89.jpg Isaac Jogues

  • Article

    Isabel Mackenzie King

    Isabel Grace Mackenzie King (born 6 February 1843 in New York City, United States; died 18 December 1917 in Ottawa, Ontario). Isabel Mackenzie King was the daughter of 1837 Upper Canada rebellion leader William Lyon Mackenzie and mother of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. She had an intense relationship with her son and supported the development of his political career.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/Isabel-King/King-bathing.jpg Isabel Mackenzie King

  • Article

    Lady Aberdeen

    Ishbel Marie Marjoribanks Hamilton-Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair, vice-regal consort, author, philanthropist and women’s rights advocate (born 14 March 1857 in London, United Kingdom; died 18 April 1939 in Aberdeen, United Kingdom). As Vice-Regal Consort to Governor General John Campbell Hamilton-Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen, from 1893 until 1898, Lady Aberdeen organized the National Council of Women in Canada, became first sponsor of the Women’s Art Association of Canada and helped found the Victorian Order of Nurses. Lady Aberdeen was the first woman to address the House of Commons and the first woman to receive an honorary degree in Canada.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/68e07433-23dc-405f-8e1f-adf2963543c4.jpg Lady Aberdeen