Business & Economics | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Canadian National Railway (CN)

    Canadian National Railway Company, incorporated 6 June 1919, is the longest railway system in North America, controlling more than 31,000 km of track in Canada and the United States. It is the only transcontinental rail network in North America, connecting to three coasts: Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf of Mexico. Known as Canadian National (CN), the former Crown corporation expanded its holdings to include marine operations, hotels, telecommunications and resource industries. However, the core of CN was still its railway system, which had its origins in the amalgamation of five financially troubled railways during the years 1917–23: the Grand Trunk and its subsidiary, the Grand Trunk Pacific; the Intercolonial; the Canadian Northern; and the National Transcontinental. In 1995, CN was sold to private investors. CN is primarily a rail freight company and transports approximately $250 billion worth of goods annually. In 2016, it earned over $12 billion in revenue and employed over 22,000 people in Canada and the US.

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  • Article

    Canadian Northern Railway

    The Canadian Northern Railway started as a single Manitoba line of 84 miles (135 km) in 1896. In 1899, the railway received federal charter and was quickly developed by the railway entrepreneurs Sir William Mackenzie and Sir Donald Mann. By 1917, it had expanded to more than 9,000 miles (14,485 km) of track across seven provinces. Originally a major railway network over the Prairie provinces, the Canadian Northern Railway expanded into a transcontinental line with many supporting enterprises, including telegraph and steamship companies. (See also Railway History in Canada.)

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  • Editorial

    Building the Canadian Northern Railway

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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  • Article

    Canadian Pacific Railway

    The Canadian Pacific Railway company (CPR) was incorporated in 1881. Its original purpose was the construction of a transcontinental railway, a promise to British Columbia upon its entry into Confederation (see Railway History). The railway — completed in 1885 — connected Eastern Canada to British Columbia and played an important role in the development of the nation. Built in dangerous conditions by thousands of labourers, including 15,000 Chinese temporary workers, the railway facilitated communication and transportation across the country. Over its long history, the Canadian Pacific Railway diversified its operations. The company established hotels, shipping lines and airlines, and developed mining and telecommunications industries (see Shipping Industry; Air Transport Industry). In 2001, Canadian Pacific separated into five separate and independent companies, with Canadian Pacific Railway returning to its origins as a railway company. CP, as it is branded today, has over 22,500 km of track across Canada and the United States. It is a public company and it trades on the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CP. In 2020, CP reported $7.71 billion in total revenues. This is the full-length entry about the Canadian Pacific Railway. For a plain-language summary, please see The Canadian Pacific Railway (Plain-Language Summary).

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  • Article

    Canadian Piano and Organ Manufacturers' Association

    Canadian Piano and Organ Manufacturers' Association. Established, with a secretariat in Toronto, to provide co-operative action in the promotion, regulation, and protection of the piano and organ manufacturers of Canada. Its first constitution and by-laws were dated 1899.

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  • Article

    Canadian Press

    Canadian Press (CP), Canada's principal news agency, began in 1910 as Canadian Press Ltd, a re-distributor of news from the Associated Press (AP) to Canadian newspapers through Morse code and telegraph wires.

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  • Article

    Canadian Seaman's Union

    Canadian Seaman's Union, established 1936 to improve the archaic working conditions and wages for ordinary commercial seamen.

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  • Macleans

    Canadian Stones Transform Diamond Industry

    WAWA, ONT., is a town known to cross-country hitchhikers as a cursed spot. They say you can be marooned here for days, dusty and morose on the side of the TransCanada, waiting for a lift.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on September 8, 2003

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  • Article

    Canadian Tax Foundation

    Canadian Tax Foundation, a nonprofit research and publishing organization that sponsors studies and conferences on taxation and public-finance issues.

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  • Article

    Canadian Tire

    Canadian Tire Corporation, Ltd., is one of Canada’s most recognized retail chains. Founded in Toronto by brothers J.W. and A.J. Billes, the company got its start when the brothers bought the Hamilton Tire and Garage in 1922. In 1927, they incorporated the business as the Canadian Tire Corporation. Still headquartered in Toronto, the company operates a network of 1,711 stores and gas bars that extends to every province and territory except Nunavut. Canadian Tire owns Mark’s Work Wearhouse, Helly Hansen and FGL Sports, including the retail companies Sport Chek, Atmosphere and Sports Experts. It is a public company that trades on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol CTC. In 2021, Canadian Tire registered $16.3 billion in revenue and $1.26 billion in net income and held $21.8 billion in assets.

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  • Article

    Canadian Transportation Agency

    The Canadian Transportation Agency, 1996, replaced the National Transportation Agency of Canada and is responsible for the economic regulation of carriers and modes of TRANSPORTATION under federal jurisdiction.

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  • Article

    Canadian Union of Public Employees

    The Canadian Union of Public Employees, founded 1963 with 86 000 members, is a merger of the National Union of Public Employees and the National Union of Public Service Employees.

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  • Article

    Canadian Vitaphone Company

    Canadian Vitaphone Company. Phonograph manufacturer located in Toronto 1913-16. Its product, the Vitaphone, was devised by the US inventor Clinton B. Repp and featured a wooden tone-arm and stationary sound-box. The company, headed by W.R.

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  • Article

    Canadian Wheat Board

    The Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) was an agricultural marketing board headquartered in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Established in 1935, for much of its history it was the sole buyer and seller of Prairie wheat and barley destined for export from Canada or for human consumption in Canada. Referred to as the “single desk,” under this model it was illegal for farmers to sell their grain to anyone other than the CWB. Following a change in government policy, the single-desk model was discontinued in August 2012, and the CWB became a voluntary marketing organization. In July 2015, G3 Global Grain Group purchased a majority stake in the CWB, creating a new firm called G3 Canada Ltd. The company’s headquarters remain in Winnipeg.

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  • Article

    Canadian Women's Press Club

    The Canadian Women's Press Club (CWPC) was founded in June 1904 in a Canadian Pacific Railway Pullman car, aboard which 16 women (half anglophone, half francophone) travelled to the St. Louis World's Fair. All but one were working journalists who covered the event. Founding members included Kathleen “Kit” Coleman, Robertine Barry, Anne-Marie Gleason and Kate Simpson Hayes. The CWPC offered female journalists professional support and development in its mission to “maintain and improve the status of journalism as a profession for women.” In 1971, its members voted to admit men and the organization became the Media Club of Canada. In 2004, the club dissolved.

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