Nature & Geography | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Char

    Char is the common name for several species of fish of genus Salvelinus of the salmon family (Salmonidae). Approximately 11 char species occur worldwide. Five are native to Canada: arctic char (S. alpinus), Dolly Varden (S. malma), bull trout (S. confluentus), brook trout (S. fontinalis) and lake trout (S. namaycush).

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  • Article

    Cherry

    Cherry is the common name for certain members of genus Prunus of the rose family, which produce small, fleshy, single-stoned fruits.

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    Chestnut

    Chestnut (Castanea), genus of trees of beech family (Fagaceae). Of 10 known species, one, American chestnut (C. dentata), is indigenous to Canada.

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  • Article

    Chickadee

    Chickadees (genus, Poecile) are small birds, which live in woodlands throughout Canada, often visiting backyard birdfeeders.

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    Chickpea

    Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is part of the legume family. The two primary centres of origin for chickpea are Southwest Asia and the Mediterranean, while Ethiopia is a secondary centre of origin. 

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  • Article

    Chimaera

    Chimaera, ratfish, or ghost shark, strange-looking marine fish belonging to the subclass Holocephali, class Chondrichthyes and thus related to sharks and rays. 

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    Chinook

    Chinooks are warm, dry, gusty, westerly winds that blow down from the Rocky Mountains into the mountains' eastern slopes and the western prairies. The Chinook belongs to a family of winds experienced in many parts of the world where long mountain chains lie more or less at right angles to the prevailing wind. Examples include the Foehn in Europe, the Zonda in Argentina and the Berg in South Africa. In Canada, the Chinook belt lies almost exclusively within southern and central Alberta.

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  • Article

    Chipmunk

    Chipmunk, diminutive member of the squirrel family belonging to genus Tamias. 

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    Chiroptera

    Chiroptera is the order of mammals (Mammalia) that includes all bats, living (~1200 species) and fossil.

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    Chromium

    Chromium (Cr) a hard, brittle, silver-white metal (melting point 1875° C), is widely known for its use as decorative trim on home appliances and automobiles. However, its most important use is in the manufacture of stainless STEEL, which typically contains about 20% chromium.

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  • Article

    City Beautiful Movement

    Some historians have noted that the City Beautiful Movement in Canada was hampered by the lack of an integrated philosophy and the absence of an articulate national spokesperson. However, the amateur side of the movement was lively and active on the local scene.

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  • Article

    Clam

    Clam, common name for any bivalve (hinged shell) mollusc, referring especially to those of economic significance burrowing in beaches or the seafloor.

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    Clay

    Clay is the common name for a complex group of industrial MINERALS, each characterized by different mineralogy, occurrence and uses.

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    Climate

    Climate is often defined as average weather, when weather means the current state of the atmosphere. For scientists, climates are the result of exchanges of heat and moisture at the Earth's surface. Because of its size, Canada has many different climates.

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    Climate Change

    Climate change occurs when long-term weather patterns begin to shift. These periods of change have occurred throughout the Earth’s history over extended periods of time. However, since the Industrial Revolution the world has been warming at an unprecedented rate. Because of this, the current period of climate change is often referred to as “global warming.” Human activities that release heat-trapping greenhouse gases, such as the burning of fossil fuels, are largely responsible for this increased rate of change. The implications of this global increase in temperature are potentially disastrous and include extreme weather events, rising sea levels and loss of habitat for plants, animals and humans. In Canada, efforts to mitigate climate change include phasing-out coal-fired power plants in Ontario and instituting a carbon tax in British Columbia. (This is the full-length entry about climate change. For a plain-language summary, please see Climate Change (Plain-Language Summary).) 

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