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Paul-Émile Borduas, painter (b at St-Hilaire, Qué 1 Nov 1905; d at Paris, France 22 Feb 1960). Leader of the Automatistes and main author of the manifesto Refus Global, he had a profound influence on art in Québec.

Raoul Blanchard, geographer (b at Orléans, France, 1877; d at Paris 1965). He was considered the father of modern geography in Québec, and exercised a profound influence on the future founders of geography departments at universities in Montréal and Québec.

Walter (Wladislaw or Wladyslaw) Eiger. Pianist, composer, arranger, conductor, teacher, b Lodz, Poland, 6 Feb 1917, naturalized Canadian ca 1955. Eiger received his musical training in France, at the University of Grenoble and the École normale de musique in Paris.

Brother Raymondien (b Auguste Schuller). Organist, composer, educator, essayist, b Brunstadt, a suburb of Mulhouse, Alsace, 6 Oct 1882, d Croix, northern France, 24 Aug 1947. He studied with the Christian Brothers of Belfort and entered their community in 1895.

Robert Roussil, sculptor (b at Montréal 1925). He studied fine arts with the Association artistique of Montréal, and from 1958 to 1978 lived in Tourettes-sur-Loup, France. In 1952 he suggested the idea of international sculpture symposia in Vienna.

Richard Edward Taylor, CC, physicist, educator (born 2 November 1929 in Medicine Hat, Alberta; died 22 February 2018 in Stanford, California).

Robert Chevalier Beauchêne, dit, adventurer, privateer (b at Pointe-aux-Trembles [Montréal] 23 Apr 1686; d at Tours, France Dec 1731). As a young man, Beauchêne served as a VOYAGEUR and on raiding expeditions against the English colonies. In 1707 he joined an Acadian privateer.

Provost, Serge.

Joseph Lewis, alias Levi Johnston, also Lewes and Louis, fur trader (born c. 1772–73 in Manchester, New Hampshire; died 1820 in Saskatchewan District). Joseph Lewis was a Black fur trader, originally from the United States, who participated in the fur industry’s early expansion into the Canadian Northwest in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He is one of very few Black people involved in the fur trade whose name was documented in existing texts. Joseph Lewis is further notable for being the first Black person in present-day Saskatchewan, as well as, in all likelihood, Alberta.

Nicole Labelle. Musicologist, teacher, pianist, organist, b Montreal 2 Jun 1946; B MUS (Montreal) 1967, M MUS (Montreal) 1970, premier prix history (CMM) 1973, D MUS (Sorbonne) 1978.

Daniel Swift. Conductor, musicologist, b Shawinigan, Que, 14 Jul 1950; Baccalauréat spécialisé en lettres, French literature (UQTR) 1973, BA (Laval) 1977, MA (Laval) 1986.

H. Harrison McCain, executive (born 3 November 1927 in Florenceville, New Brunswick; died 19 March 2004 in Boston, Massachusetts). The son of an exporter of seed potatoes, McCain graduated from Acadia U and worked as a sales executive for Irving Oil Co.

Michael Schade, singer (b at Geneva, Switzerland 23 Jan 1965). After spending his early years in Switzerland, he emigrated to Canada with his family in 1977 and enrolled in St.

Chorale de l'Université de Moncton 1963-87 (Chorale de l'Université Saint-Joseph, 1946-63). Male choir founded by Father Léandre Brault in 1946 in Memramcook, NB, with the aim of developing interest in Gregorian chant.

Émile Gour. Tenor, choirmaster, b L'Assomption, near Montreal, 21 Apr 1893, d Montreal 24 Sep 1970. He studied piano and harmony with Alphonse Lavallée-Smith and voice with Salvator Issaurel 1915-22. While pursuing a career as a singer he remained in the employ of the Canadian postal service.

Agnes Maule Machar, novelist, poet, historian (b at Kingston, Ont 23 Jan 1837; d there 24 Jan 1927). An important reformist and literary figure in Victorian Canada, she was a prolific writer who published poetry, several novels and volumes of history and biography.

Monique Bosco, author (born at Vienna, Austria 1927, died at Montréal, 17 May 2007). She completed her studies in France and immigrated to Canada in 1948, where she obtained a doctorate with a thesis titled L'Isolement dans le roman canadien-français (Isolation in the French Canadian Novel) (1953).

Robert Lepage.

Portuguese explorers were among the first Europeans to lay eyes on what is now Canadian soil. In the 2016 Canadian census, 482, 610 people reported being of Portuguese origin, and 221, 540 people reported having Portuguese as their mother tongue language.

The Seneca (Onöndowa’ga, “People of the Great Hills”) are an Indigenous nation. Known as the “Keepers of the Western Door,” they are the western-most member of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy with ancestral lands located south of Lake Ontario. Today, some Seneca people also live on Six Nations territory near Brantford, Ontario. (See also First Nations.)