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  • Article

    Reserves in Canada (Plain-Language Summary)

    A reserve is land set aside by the Canadian government for use by First Nations. Reserves are managed under the Indian Act. Reserves are places where First Nations often live. However, some reserves are only for practices like hunting. Not all First Nations have reserve lands. There are reserves in every province in Canada, but most are in rural or remote areas. Few reserves have been established in the territories. (This is a plain-language summary of Reserves in Canada. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry, Reserves in Canada.)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/98f21d5f-b51e-4f33-8760-a876daffe0cd.jpg Reserves in Canada (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Article

    Reserves in Manitoba

    There are 376 reserves in Manitoba, held by the province's 63 First Nations (see also First Nations in Manitoba). In addition, Animakee Wa Zhing, a First Nation based in Ontario, has a reserve that straddles the Ontario-Manitoba border. As of 2020, there were 164,116 registered Indians in Manitoba, 58 per cent of whom lived on-reserve. Manitoba is also a key part of the Métis Nation’s homeland and has a large Métis population. However, for a variety of historical reasons, Métis do not hold reserves (see Métis Scrip in Canada; Manitoba Act of 1870).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ReservesinMB/PoplarRiverFirstNation.jpg Reserves in Manitoba

  • Article

    Reserves in New Brunswick

    There are 31 reserves in New Brunswick held by 15 First Nations (see alsoFirst Nations in New Brunswick). These First Nations belong to one of two larger cultural groups, namely the Mi’kmaq or Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet), who are, in turn, part of the Wabanaki Confederacy. Reserve names and boundaries have changed through time and some reserves either no longer exist or are not recognized by the provincial government. As of 2021, there were 16,985 Registered Indians in New Brunswick, about 59 per cent of whom lived on reserves.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/ReservesinNB/PotatoPickers.jpg Reserves in New Brunswick

  • Article

    Reserves in Newfoundland and Labrador

    Newfoundland and Labrador is home to two First Nation groups: the Mi’kmaq living on the island of Newfoundland, and the Innu, living in central and northern Labrador. The province has three reserves. Two of the reserves are Innu: the Sheshatshiu and Natuashish reserves are home to the Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation and Mushuau Innu First Nation respectively. The third, Miawpukek Mi’kamawey Mawi’omi (commonly known as Miawpukek, or in English, Conne River), is Mi’kmaq. Indigenous people live in these communities, as well as in other, non-Indigenous communities throughout the province. As of March 2019, there were 28,293 registered Indians living in Newfoundland and Labrador, 12 per cent of whom lived on reserve. One reason the province has a relatively small on-reserve population is because the Qalipu Mi’kmaq, a band from the West Coast of Newfoundland and one of the largest in the country, does not have reserve lands. Labrador is also home to many Inuit communities who, like Inuit living in other parts of the country, do not have reserves.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ReservesNL/2015 11 Mushuau Innu Girl Natuashish Ossie Michelin.jpg Reserves in Newfoundland and Labrador

  • Article

    Reserves in Nova Scotia

    There are 42 reserves in Nova Scotia, held by 13 First Nations (see First Nations in Nova Scotia). Nova Scotia is one of just two provinces, the other being Prince Edward Island, that is part of the traditional territory of only one Indigenous people. In both cases, it is the Mi'kmaq. In 2020, there were 17,895 registered Mi’kmaq in Nova Scotia, about 63 per cent of whom (11,202 people) lived on reserve. Reserves in Nova Scotia vary in size from over 3,500 hectares to less than one, though almost every First Nation has more than one land tract.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/c46f71fe-d1d5-47bd-9ee6-bfeaa4810e03.jpg Reserves in Nova Scotia

  • Article

    Reserves in Ontario

    There are 207 reserves in Ontario, held by 127 of Ontario’s 128 First Nations (see also First Nations in Ontario). (Beaverhouse First Nation, first recognized by the federal government as a First Nation in 2022, does not have reserve land.) In 2020, there were 221,822 registered Indians living in Ontario, about 44 per cent of whom lived on reserves. Reserves in Ontario are held by Anishinaabe, Cree, Oji-Cree, Haudenosaunee, Delaware and Algonquin peoples.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ReservesON/20327884431_97b2474144_c.jpg Reserves in Ontario

  • Article

    Reserves in Quebec

    There are 30 reserves in Quebec, held by 25 of the province's 40 First Nations (see also First Nations in Quebec). In addition, there are 15 Inuit, 9 Cree and 1 Naskapi community whose lands fall under the jurisdiction of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement and the Northeastern Quebec Agreement. Because they are not governed by the Indian Act, these communities are technically not reserves. There are also five First Nations in Quebec that do not have reserve lands (Long Point First Nation, Communauté anicinape de Kitcisakik, Wolf Lake First Nation, Montagnais de Pakua Shipi and Nation MicMac de Gespeg). This is the largest number of First Nations without reserve land of any province. Finally, the Mohawk Council of Akwesasne has a reserve that is partly in Quebec, Ontario and New York state. As of 2020, there were 92,762 registered Indians in Quebec, 64 per cent of whom live on reserve.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ReservesinQC/Powwow.jpg Reserves in Quebec

  • Article

    Reserves in Saskatchewan

    Saskatchewan is home to at least 70 First Nations and various Métis communities. It contains 782 reserves, settlements and villages, many of which are located in the southern half of the province. Reserves in Saskatchewan were created between 1874 and 1906 by Treaties 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10. As of 2016, 47.5 per cent of the province’s 114,570 self-identified First Nations peoples live on reserves, a percentage comparable to the province of Manitoba. Most of the remaining 47 per cent who reside off-reserve in Saskatchewan live in the cities of Saskatoon, Regina and Prince Albert.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ReservesSK/Flag of Thunderchild First Nation.jpg Reserves in Saskatchewan

  • Article

    Reserves in the Northwest Territories

    There are two reserves in the Northwest Territories. In addition, of the territory’s remaining 32 communities, 28 have a majority Indigenous population. Dene, Inuvialuit and Métis people are the primary Indigenous groups living in these communities. The territory’s two reserves are Hay River Dene 1, held by the Kátł’odeeche First Nation, and Salt River No. 195, held by the Salt River First Nation (see also First Nations in the Northwest Territories). The Northwest Territories differs from much of southern Canada, where several provinces have hundreds of reserves, and where large percentages of First Nations people live in these communities. While Treaty 8 and Treaty 11 — which taken together cover most of the territory — provided for reserves, none were created in the years immediately following their signing. The reasons for the limited number of reserves in such a large region are rooted in a complicated history.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ReservesNWT/Elder_fishing_on_the_Great_Slave_Lake.jpg Reserves in the Northwest Territories

  • Article

    Reserves on Prince Edward Island

    There are four reserves on Prince Edward Island, held by two First Nations (see also First Nations on Prince Edward Island). Three of these reserves, Morell, Rocky Point and Scotchfort, are held by Abegweit First Nation, while Lennox Island is held by Lennox Island First Nation. PEI is just one of two provinces, the other being Nova Scotia, that is part of the traditional territory of only one Indigenous people. In both cases, it is the Mi'kmaq. Of PEI’s 1,405 registered Mi'kmaq (2021), 615 live on the four reserves. The reserves vary in size from less than 1 km 2 to 5.4 km2. Both Lennox Island and Abegweit First Nations are headed by Chiefs, who are required to live on-reserve, and Councillors, who may live on- or off-reserve. Elections are held in a three-year and four-year cycle, respectively. 

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ReservesonPEI/LennoxIslandChildren.jpg Reserves on Prince Edward Island

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    Residential Schools in Canada Interactive Map

    The map below indicates the location of many residential schools in Canada. Click on individual points to learn a school’s name, religious denomination, opening and closing dates, and any other names by which the school was known. This map does not reflect every residential school that operated in the country. It only includes schools listed in the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement and a similar agreement reached for survivors of schools in Newfoundland and Labrador. This means that schools that operated without the support of the federal government — as in schools run by a province, a religious order, or both — are not included on this map. Day schools, where many Indigenous students experienced treatment similar to that described at residential schools, are also not included.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ResidentialSchoolMap/ResidentialSchoolMapScreenGrab.png Residential Schools in Canada Interactive Map

  • Article

    Resistance and Residential Schools

    Residential schools were government-sponsored religious schools that many Indigenous children were forced to attend. They were established to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Indigenous parents and children did not simply accept the residential-school system. Indigenous peoples fought against – and engaged with – the state, schools and other key players in the system. For the duration of the residential-school era, parents acted in the best interests of their children and communities. The children responded in ways that would allow them to survive.

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  • Article

    Resolute

    Resolute, Nunavut, incorporated as a hamlet in 1987, population 198 (2021 census), 183 (2016 census). The Hamlet of Resolute is located on the south coast of Cornwallis Island in the Arctic Archipelago, near the middle of the Northwest Passage. It is the second most northern community in both Nunavut and Canada and is far enough North that the sun never sets in the winter.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/resolute/Resolute.jpg Resolute

  • Article

    Restigouche River

    Restigouche River (Ristigouche in Québec), 200 km long, rises in the highlands of northwestern New Brunswick as the Little Main Restigouche River.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Restigouche River

  • Article

    Revelstoke

    Revelstoke, British Columbia, incorporated as a city in 1899, population 7,547 (2016 census), 7,139 (2011 census). The city of Revelstoke is situated on the Columbia River between the Selkirk and Monashee mountains. It is on the Trans-Canada Highway at the western entrance to Rogers Pass and Mount Revelstoke and Glacier national parks. Revelstoke is located on the traditional territory of the Ktunaxa, Sinixt, Secwepemc and Okanagan peoples. (See also Interior Salish.)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/d1ad52d1-3866-4ccd-9454-4d28fb26ee18.jpg Revelstoke