Politics | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Elections of 1979 and 1980

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. Calling elections is like Goldilocks visiting the three bears — which political stew will turn out to be too soon, too late, or just right? The elections of 1979 and 1980 illustrate the perils of too late, followed by too soon.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/94d33b59-7a6c-4ea2-9fb1-b4b57e3be842.jpg Elections of 1979 and 1980
  • Article

    Enfranchisement (Plain-Language Summary)

    Throughout much of Canadian history, a First Nations person would lose their Indian status if they were enfranchised. An enfranchised person is someone who has the right to vote in elections. A First Nations person who is deemed a Status Indian has certain rights and benefits granted to them through the Indian Act. (This article is a plain-language summary of Enfranchisement. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry Enfranchisement).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/4d994481-dad0-4092-811e-1f0718cd1a1e.jpg Enfranchisement (Plain-Language Summary)
  • Editorial

    Editorial: Newfoundland’s Contribution to the Patriation of the Constitution

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. In the decades since 1982, politicians and the media have recounted the same story about the patriation of Canada’s constitution and the adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Most of the credit in this version goes to Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Three others are credited with breaking an impasse in the 1981 negotiations: federal justice minister Jean Chrétien, Saskatchewan attorney general Roy Romanow, and Ontario attorney general Roy McMurtry. But in his memoirs, former Newfoundland Premier Brian Peckford argues that the key intervention in the patriation process came from Peckford and the members of the Newfoundland delegation.

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  • Article

    Gradual Civilization Act

    An Act to Encourage the Gradual Civilization of the Indian Tribes in the Province was passed by the fifth Parliament of the Province of Canada (formally Upper Canada and Lower Canada) in 1857. The Gradual Civilization Act, as it came to be known, was part of a state effort to use government policy to assimilate Indigenous peoples to the economic and social customs of European settler society.

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  • Article

    Haldimand Proclamation

    On 25 October 1784, Sir Frederick Haldimand, the governor of the province Quebec, signed a decree that granted a tract of land to the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), also known as the Six Nations, in compensation for their alliance with British forces during the American Revolution (1775–83). This tract of land, known as the Haldimand Grant or Haldimand Tract, extended for 10 km on both sides of the Grand River (southwestern Ontario), from its source to Lake Erie. Throughout the late 1700s and 1800s, the Crown and Haudenosaunee disputed rights to the land title. Negotiations about title to the Haldimand Tract still continue between the Canadian government and the Six Nations Confederacy.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/4e9bdb40-6a17-4aed-8166-559a7b871ae7.jpg Haldimand Proclamation
  • Article

    History Since Confederation

    The story of Canada since 1867 is, in many ways, a successful one: For a century and a half, people of different languages, cultures and backgrounds, thrown together in the vast, northern reaches of a continent, built a free society where regional communities could grow and prosper, linked by the common thread of an emerging national identity. There were false steps along the way, including the struggles of Indigenous people for survival, and the ever-present tensions over federal unity. But for the most part, Canada became an example to the world of a modern, workable nation state. 

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  • Article

    Imperialism

    Support for the British Empire and imperialism was strong in much of Canada in the decades after Confederation. But gradually, imperialist loyalties declined and Canadians demanded and won full autonomy within the empire.

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  • Article

    La Presse Strike

    Two days later, the 3 main UNION CENTRALS defied a municipal ban to organize a huge march in solidarity with the newspaper workers. More than 12 000 people clashed with 100 Montréal policemen. The outcome was some 50 arrests, several dozen injuries and one death from natural causes.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/c762eef7-88b7-40c9-afbe-91aa60ae56dd.jpg La Presse Strike
  • Article

    Labour Organization

    The first labour organizations in Canada appeared in the early 19th century, but their growth and development really occurred in the early decades of the 20th century. During most of the 19th century labour unions were local, sporadic and short-lived.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Labour Organization
  • Article

    League for Social Reconstruction

     League for Social Reconstruction, organization of left-wing intellectuals, founded 1931-32 in Montréal and Toronto, largely in response to the GREAT DEPRESSION.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 League for Social Reconstruction
  • Article

    Canada and the League of Nations

    The League of Nations was an organization of 63 countries established in 1919, after the First World War. Canada was a founding member. The League ultimately failed in its aim of collective security. It was replaced by the United Nations at the end of the Second World War. However, the League of Nations did establish a new model for international organizations. League membership brought Canada its first official contact with foreign governments and helped to establish its position as a sovereign state. It also introduced Canada to the opportunities and challenges of international co-operation and peacekeeping.

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  • Article

    League of Nations Society in Canada

    The League of Nations Society in Canada was founded 1921 to promote international peace by developing public knowledge of and support for the League of Nations. With headquarters in Ottawa, it operated until 1942. Its presidents included such public figures as Sir Robert Borden, Sir George Foster, Ernest Lapointe and Cairine Wilson. John W. Dafoe, Newton W. Rowell and J.S. Woodsworth served on its national council. The society's activities were primarily promotional and educational. It distributed league publications and its own monthly, Interdependence, and sponsored speaking tours and radio broadcasts by supporters. It was the first Canadian organization to encourage public interest in and understanding of international affairs.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 League of Nations Society in Canada
  • Article

    Lend-Lease

    Lend-Lease, an Act of the US Congress passed March 1941, providing for the transfer of American war materials to Britain and its allies in return for theoretical deferred payment.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Lend-Lease
  • Article

    Letters Patent, 1947

    The Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada, usually shortened to Letters Patent, 1947, was an edict issued by King George VI that expanded the role of the governor general, allowing him or her to exercise prerogatives of the sovereign. While Letters Patent delegated Crown prerogatives to the governor general, the sovereign remains Head of State.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/Letters_Patent_1947_page1.png Letters Patent, 1947
  • Article

    London Conference

    From 4 December 1866 to March 1867, politicians from the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick met with delegates of the British government in London. This was the last of three conferences — after the Charlottetown Conference and Quebec Conference in 1864 — that were held to determine the constitutional details of Confederation. The Quebec Resolutions — 72 points that had been agreed upon in Quebec City — were reviewed and amended. They formed the basis of the British North America Act. It was passed by the British Parliament and received Queen Victoria’s Royal Assent on 29 March 1867.

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