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On 5 September 1760, three days before the Capitulation of Montreal, the chief of the Huron-Wendat of Lorette, who had accompanied the retreating French army from Quebec to the Montreal region, approached General James Murray at Longueuil. A treaty of peace — known as the Murray Treaty of Longueuil or simply, the Murray Treaty — was concluded whereby the Huron-Wendat came under British protection. (See also Treaties with Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)
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Article
Museum policy has to do with the legislative, financial and administrative arrangements made by governments to establish and support museums, and also with the decisions taken by each individual museum to establish its own role in the community.
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Macleans
The female jailer, dressed in black, head-to-toe abaya and veil, stands at the foot of the hospital bed, sipping tea from a Thermos like an angel of death on a coffee break.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on March 18, 2002
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Article
Personal names carry history, traditions, identity, spiritual meaning and hopes. The history of Canada includes both developments and controversy in naming. Naming has been an issue for many aboriginal communities. The use of European-origin names instead of traditional names is one example.
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Macleans
It took 128 years to make Canada into the country that it is today - and 10 hours of voting and a margin of only 53,498 votes to almost break with that past and reshape both the map and the country's future. No, 50.6 per cent, total votes: 2,361,526. Yes, 49.4 per cent, 2,308,028 votes.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on November 6, 1995
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Article
The National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) is the unicameral provincial legislature of Québec.
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Article
The National Association of Women and Law held its founding convention in Winnipeg in 1975. The present membership is composed of approximately 1000 women lawyers, law students and professionals in related fields.
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Article
The NCC is governed by a Commission (essentially a board of directors) composed of the chairman, vice-chairman and 13 other members appointed by the Governor in Council. Members come from across Canada and from the National Capital Region, an area of 4715 km2 located in Ontario and Québec.
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Article
Assembly of First Nations The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) is a political advocacy organization that represents First Nations across Canada. In 1967, eight provincial Indigenous organizations formed the National Indian Brotherhood. This organization contributed to conversations surrounding the 1969 White Paper and other federal policies. In 1982, amid the Constitutional Conferences surrounding the rights of Indigenous peoples in Canada, the National Indian Brotherhood became the Assembly of First Nations. The AFN represents over 600...
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Article
The National Council of Women of Canada (NCWC), founded in 1893, is one of Canada’s oldest advocacy groups. A non-partisan federation of voluntary women’s organizations, it is a member of the International Council of Women.
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Article
The National Energy Program (NEP) was an energy policy of the government of Canada from 1980 through 1985. Its goal was to ensure that Canada could supply its own oil and gas needs by 1990. The NEP was initially popular with consumers and as a symbol of Canadian economic nationalism. However, private industry and some provincial governments opposed it. A federal-provincial deal resolved controversial parts of the NEP in 1981. Starting the next year, however, the program was dismantled in phases. Global economic conditions had changed such that the NEP was no longer considered necessary or useful. The development of the oil sands and offshore drilling, as well as the rise in Western alienation and the development of the modern Conservative Party of Canada, are all aspects of the NEP’s complicated legacy.
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Article
The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Canadian Flag or the Maple Leaf Flag (l’Unifolié in French), consists of a red field with a white square at its centre in which sits a stylized, 11-pointed red maple leaf. A joint committee of the Senate and House of Commons voted for the present flag in 1964 against formidable odds. After months of debate, the final design, adopted by Parliament and approved by royal proclamation, became Canada’s official national flag on 15 February 1965.
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Editorial
The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. A national flag is a simple, effective way of identifying a country and expressing its collective will and sovereignty. Its symbolism should be expansive, representing perspectives from across the country. But it should also be singular, offering a picture of unity. For almost a century, Canada did not fly a flag of its own. There were instead the Union Jack and the Canadian Red Ensign. They took turns flying above Parliament. But neither was distinctly Canadian, nor permanent. The issue of a new flag was raised in Parliament in 1925 and again in 1945. It was dropped both times due to a lack of consent. Some clung to tradition, and none could agree on a unifying symbol. When Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson re-opened the debate in 1964, he offered Canadians the chance to “say proudly to the world and to the future: ‘I stand for Canada.’” A joint committee of the Senate and House of Commons was assembled to decide on a suitable design. After months of vigorous debate, the final design was unfurled at Parliament Hill on 15 February 1965. The design process was open to the public. Thousands of suggestions were submitted. This article looks at 12 of those designs. It includes explanations for the symbols found in each. The designs express a vision for Canada, still young and still finding its mode of self-expression.
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Article
The derivation of the three Christian holidays needs no explanation. New Year's Day, January 1, marks the beginning of the new year.
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Article
The National Party of Canada was a short-lived federal political party created by Edmonton publisher Mel Hurtig in 1992. It was a left-leaning, progressive, economic nationalist party. It opposed free trade and ran 171 candidates in the 1993 federal election but won no seats. The party fell apart due to an internal dispute and lost its registered party status in 1997. (It should not be confused with the National Party, created by disaffected NDP members in the late 1970s, or the Canadian Nationalist Party, a white supremacist hate group.)
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