Indigenous Peoples | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Albert Marshall

    Albert D. Marshall, OC, Mi’kmaw Elder, Indigenous leader, advocate (born 1938 in Eskasoni First Nation, NS). Elder Albert Marshall is a member of the Moose Clan and a fluent Mi’kmaw speaker. Marshall is the spokesperson for the Mi’kmaq Nation on matters related to natural resources and environmental issues. He tirelessly promotes cultural revitalization, the Mi’kmaw language and the need to live sustainably. Since the 1970s, Marshall has travelled nationally and internationally. He shares his passion and wisdom on ecological integrity and living in balance. He has received many awards and honorary doctorates. 

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Albert Marshall

  • List

    Children’s Books about Inuit Culture in Canada

    Inuit authors have brought the richness and diversity of Inuit culture into the public eye with several enchanting and powerful books. From oral histories to Arctic animals to supernatural creatures, the books on this list explore various elements of the Inuit culture and way of life. Titles listed are recommended for a range of age groups, from toddlers to preteens. These books support efforts to encourage literacy, preserve and promote culture, and educate others about Inuit and Indigenous peoples and history.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/57c0546b-1a73-45fd-91e9-70be8a64b321.jpg Children’s Books about Inuit Culture in Canada

  • Article

    Edna Elias

    Elias began her career as an elementary school teacher in Kugluktuk and Arctic Bay in 1980, and at the same time was the head of the language bureau of what was then still a part of the Northwest Territory's Department of Culture and Employment.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/79634079-9d6a-4be5-983b-7f8659a23520.jpg Edna Elias

  • Article

    Inuit Experiences at Residential School

    Residential schools were government-sponsored religious schools created to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Schools in the North were run by missionaries for nearly a century before the federal government began to open new, so-called modern institutions in the 1950s. This was less than a decade after a Special Joint Committee (see Indigenous Suffrage) found that the system was ineffectual. The committee’s recommendations led to the eventual closure of residential schools across the country. 

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/InuitResidentialSchool/Inuit-Residenital-School (Library and Archives Canada_PA-042133).jpg Inuit Experiences at Residential School

  • Article

    Joseph Francis Dion

    Joseph Francis Dion, Métis leader, political organizer, and teacher (born 2 July 1888 near Onion Lake, SK; died 21 December 1960 in Bonnyville, AB). Dion was central to the shaping of modern Indigenous political organizations on the Prairies. He became a farmer (1903) and teacher on the Kehewin reserve (1916-40). In the 1930s he worked with Jim Brady and  Malcolm Norris  to found what is now the Métis Nation of Alberta (1932; president, 1932-58) and the Indian Association of Alberta (1939). Serving in the executives of First Nations, Métis and Roman Catholic Church organizations, he travelled, lectured, recorded living traditions (published as  My Tribe the Crees, 1979) and managed a Métis dance troupe. A relatively conservative reformer, Dion promoted the idea of Indigenous self-help through local agricultural development and the preservation of traditional culture.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/Twitter_Cards/Joe Dion.png Joseph Francis Dion

  • Article

    Leroy Little Bear

    Leroy Robert Little Bear, OC, AOE, Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) educator, lawyer, advocate, speaker, author, political activist (born c. 1943 at Blood Indian Reserve, AB). Leroy Little Bear has advised the United Nations, many First Nations and the federal and provincial governments on matters related to the constitution, Indigenous Title, justice and the restoration of the buffalo.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/LeroyLittleBear/CP2878383_resized.jpg Leroy Little Bear

  • Article

    Lillian Elias

    Lillian Elias (whose Inuvialuktun name is Panigavluk), ONWT, teacher, language activist (born 1943 in the Mackenzie Delta, NT). Influenced by her time at residential school, where administrators attempted to forcefully strip her of her language and culture, Lillian Elias has spent much of her life promoting and preserving her first language, Inuvialuktun (see Inuvialuit).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/LillianElias/Lillian-Elias_Screencap_Tweetonly.jpg Lillian Elias

  • Article

    Marie Battiste

    Marie Ann Battiste, OC, FRSC, Mi’kmaw educator, professor, activist (born 1949 in Houlton, Maine). Marie Battiste is from Potlotek First Nation, Nova Scotia. She is also a member of the Aroostook Band of Micmacs, Maine. She is one of four children of Mi’kmaw parents Annie and John Battiste. The family lived in Houlton, Maine where John and Annie worked. Battiste has degrees from Harvard and Stanford universities. She is a highly regarded intellectual leader and speaker. Her research and scholarship promote the protection of Indigenous knowledges, the reclamation of Indigenous languages and cultures and the balancing of diverse knowledge systems. She and her husband, James Youngblood Henderson (Sa’ke’j), have three children and a grandson. 

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/MarieBattiste/Marie_Battiste_resized.jpg Marie Battiste

  • Article

    Métis Experiences at Residential School

    Although the first residential schools in Canada were established with the intention of assimilating First Nations children into Euro-Canadian culture, Métis and Inuit children were also institutionalized in such facilities. Métis children experienced similar day-to-day conditions to those of other students in residential schools, but they were often considered “outsiders” by their peers and administrators. This perception affected their experiences within these institutions in particular ways. 

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/MetisExperiences/Webp.net-resizeimage.jpg Métis Experiences at Residential School

  • Article

    Resistance and Residential Schools

    Residential schools were government-sponsored religious schools that many Indigenous children were forced to attend. They were established to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Indigenous parents and children did not simply accept the residential-school system. Indigenous peoples fought against – and engaged with – the state, schools and other key players in the system. For the duration of the residential-school era, parents acted in the best interests of their children and communities. The children responded in ways that would allow them to survive.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/ResistanceandResidentialSchools/a101771-v8.jpg Resistance and Residential Schools

  • Article

    Stanley Vollant

    Stanley Vollant, CM, CQ, Innu surgeon, professor and lecturer (born 2 April 1965 in Quebec City, Quebec). Vollant is the first Indigenous surgeon trained in Quebec. In 1996, he received a National Aboriginal Role Model Award from the Governor General of Canada. Vollant began Innu Meshkenu in 2010, a 6,000 km walk to promote the teachings of First Nations and to encourage Indigenous young people to pursue their dreams. In 2016, he founded the non-profit organization Puamun Meshkenu to inspire and support Indigenous peoples in their mental and physical health.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/0c872404-cf12-4e13-b427-27effb4c6ee5.jpg Stanley Vollant