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The most technically advanced ironworks in America in their first 100 years, the forges had long been obsolete when shut down in 1883. The plant employed over 100 specialized craftsmen and 300-400 labourers, and produced forged iron and molded products such as pots, pans and stoves.

A. & S. Nordheimer Co (after ca 1898 the Nordheimer Piano & Music Co). Music dealers and publishers, piano dealers and later manufacturers, active in Kingston, Canada West (now Ont), 1842-4 and in Toronto 1844-1927.

Musgrave. Toronto music dealer and publisher, located in the Yonge St Arcade. The business was opened in 1909 by the brothers Charles E. and George A. Musgrave; about 1914 it was briefly A.L.E. Davies and Musgrave Brothers; after 1926 it was run as Charles E. Musgrave & Son (Edward C.

Leslie Music Supply Inc. Publishing company established in 1970 in Oakville, Ont, by Joan Leslie, who had purchased the stock of the Western Music Co of Vancouver. Leslie publishes choral music for church and school and pieces for piano, organ, and recorder, much of it reprinted Western material.

Journalism has always been conditioned by a series of institutional constraints: the state, the party system, the business imperatives of MEDIA OWNERSHIP, societal changes (such as urbanization, the diffusion of literacy and education), and the impact of technological innovation.

Sherlock-Manning Piano Company Ltd (Sherlock-Manning Organ Co 1902-10; Sherlock-Manning Piano and Organ Co 1910-30, Sherlock-Manning Pianos Ltd 1930-51).

Otto Higel Co. Ltd. Toronto manufacturer of piano and organ supplies. The company was founded in 1896 by Otto Higel (b Silesia, Germany, 1869, d Toronto 2 Jul 1930), who had bought the Toronto piano action and key manufacturing business of F.

Kébec-Disc Inc. Recording company founded in Montreal in 1974. Guy Latraverse, its first president, was succeeded in 1976 by Gilles Talbot. After Talbot's accidental death in March 1982 the company ceased its activities, Latraverse having left Kébec-Disc a year earlier.

Imrie & Graham. Toronto firm of book, job, and music printers and music publishers active 1884-ca 1909. John Imrie, a printer and poet (b Glasgow 1846, d Toronto 1902), moved to Toronto in 1871.

Lye Organ Company. Edward Lye (b Somerset, England, 1828 or 1829, d Toronto, 9 Nov 1919) became a cabinetmaker in England, and this training appears to have led naturally to the construction of organs.

Beaver Records Ltd. Company established in 1950 by the Toronto lawyer, musical patron, and supporter of the Toronto Mendelssohn Choir F.R. MacKelcan (1882-1962), with the purpose of recording the choir.

Bell Piano and Organ Co. Instrument-manufacturing firm. Established in 1864 in Guelph, Canada West (Ontario) by the brothers William and Robert Bell with a staff of three, it produced 25 four-legged 'Diploma' melodeons in its first year.

Aquarius Records Ltd. Independent label established in 1970 in Montreal by Terry Flood, Donald Tarlton (Donald K. Donald), Bob Lemm, Jack Lazare and Daniel Lazare.

Rodeo Records Ltd. Parent company to several labels producing country and folk music and Melbourne, in the classical genre. It was founded in 1949 in Montreal by Don Johnson and George Taylor. Taylor (b 8 Sept 1911, d Peterborough, Ont, 12 Sept 1986). Taylor soon assumed sole control.

Filmmaking is a powerful form of cultural and artistic expression, as well as a highly profitable commercial enterprise. From a practical standpoint, filmmaking is a business involving large sums of money and a complex division of labour. This labour is involved, roughly speaking, in three sectors: production, distribution and exhibition. The history of the Canadian film industry has been one of sporadic achievement accomplished in isolation against great odds. Canadian cinema has existed within an environment where access to capital for production, to the marketplace for distribution and to theatres for exhibition has been extremely difficult. The Canadian film industry, particularly in English Canada, has struggled against the Hollywood entertainment monopoly for the attention of an audience that remains largely indifferent toward the domestic industry. The major distribution and exhibition outlets in Canada have been owned and controlled by foreign interests. The lack of domestic production throughout much of the industry’s history can only be understood against this economic backdrop.

This article is one of four that surveys the history of the film industry in Canada. The entire series includes: Canadian Film History: 1896 to 1938; Canadian Film History: 1939 to 1973; Canadian Film History: 1974 to Present; Canadian Film History: Notable Films and Filmmakers 1980 to Present.

Muzak.

S. Sabathil & Son Ltd. Vancouver harpsichord makers (whose workshop is on Bowen Island). The company was established in 1960 by Simon (b ca 1896 d Vancouver 1980) and Sigurd (b 1939) Sabathil, who had immigrated to Canada from Marianské Lázne, Czechoslovakia.

Quality Records Ltd. Independent Canadian-owned record and tape manufacturing company active1950-85 in Toronto, initially under the direction of George Keane as vice-president and general manager, and latterly, 1975-85, of George Struth as president.

Sparton of Canada, Ltd. Record manufacturing company established in 1930 in London, Ont, by a US company, Sparks-Withington.