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Residential schools were government-sponsored religious schools that many Indigenous children were forced to attend. They were established to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Indigenous parents and children did not simply accept the residential-school system. Indigenous peoples fought against – and engaged with – the state, schools and other key players in the system. For the duration of the residential-school era, parents acted in the best interests of their children and communities. The children responded in ways that would allow them to survive.

John King Gordon (b at Winnipeg 6 Dec 1900; d at Ottawa 24 Feb 1989), son of Charles GORDON (pen name Ralph Connor). After studying at the universities of Manitoba, Oxford and the Union Theological Seminary, Gordon taught at United Theological College in Montréal.

Joseph-Clovis-Kemner Laflamme, priest, educator, scientist (b at St-Anselme, Canada E 18 Sept 1849; d at Québec C 6 July 1910). After studying at the SÉMINAIRE DE QUÉBEC and later spending periods at Harvard and in Europe, Laflamme became professor of geology and mineralogy at Laval in 1870.

Milos Mladenovic, professor, editor (b S of Belgrade, Serbia 1903; d at Montréal 4 Oct 1984). With degrees in law and commerce from Belgrade and a doctorate from the Sorbonne, he joined McGill's history department in June 1950.

Martel, Oscar. Violinist, teacher, b L'Assomption, near Montreal, February 1848, d Chicago 1924; premiers prix violin, string quartet (Liège Royal Cons) 1870.

Richard Bruce Wright, novelist, editor, teacher (born 4 March 1937 in Midland, ON; died 7 February 2017). Richard Wright's novels frequently explore lives in urban Canada and crises of personal identity in modern cities.

Stanley Saunders. Administrator, educator, conductor, clarinetist, b Newport, Gwent (then Monmouthshire), Wales, 3 May 1927; DIP MUS (Wales) 1951, M MUS (Oregon) 1967, DMA (Oregon) 1970.

Judy Fong Bates, writer, teacher (born at Kaiping County, Guangdong, China 22 Dec 1949). Judy Fong Bates IMMIGRATED to Canada with her mother in 1955. Meeting her father in Allandale (now Barrie), Ontario, Fong Bates discovered she and her parents were the only ASIAN citizens in the area.

Lola (Frances Lane) MacQuarrie (b Smith). Educator, writer, b Winnipeg 30 Dec 1909, d there 24 Jan 1966; B SC (Manitoba) 1931. She was steadily involved in Winnipeg musical life after 1920, notably in the 1940s as choir director at Daniel McIntyre High School.

(Jean-Baptiste André) Augustin Lavallée, (Pâquet dit Lavallée). Luthier, bandmaster, teacher, music dealer, b Verchères, Lower Canada (Quebec), 1816, d Montreal 15 Feb 1903.

Robert Ramsay Wright, zoologist, educator (b at Alloa, Scot 23 Sept 1852; d at Droitwich Spa, Eng 6 Sept 1933).

George Sidney Brett, philosopher (b at Briton Ferry, Wales 5 Aug 1879; d at Toronto 27 Oct 1944).

Adelmo Melecci. Teacher, composer, organist, b Felonica Po, near Venice, 18 May 1899, naturalized Canadian 1928, d 31 Aug 2004; honorary ARCT (1988).

Nancy (Fraser) Vogan. Educator. b Moncton, NB, 22 Mar 1945; BA music (Mount Allison) 1967, M MUS music education (ESM) 1969, PH D music education (ESM) 1979.

(Florent Robert) Frans Brouw. Pianist, teacher, b Furnes, Belgium, 31 Jan 1929, naturalized Canadian 1975; premier prix piano (Brussels Royal Cons) 1948, diplôme de virtuosité (Brussels Royal Cons) 1951. He studied piano with Marcel Maas and Jenny Solheid 1946-52 at the Brussels Royal Cons.

Robert Duer Claydon Finch, poet, scholar (b at Freeport, Long Island, NY 14 May 1900; d at Toronto 11 June 1995). Robert Finch was educated at University College, University of Toronto, and the Sorbonne, Paris. He was a professor of French at the University of Toronto for four decades, 1928-68.

Yves Chartier. Musicologist, teacher, b Thetford-les-Mines Que, 18 Aug 1942; Lauréat AMQ piano 1959, BA french, latin (Ottawa) 1964, MA classics (Ottawa) 1965, Docteur en musicologie (Paris-Sorbonne) 1973. He began teaching at Ottawa U in 1969.

Marcus Adeney. Cellist, writer, teacher, b London 1 Jul 1900, naturalized Canadian 1904, d Toronto 2 Mar 1998. As a child he studied violin with his mother, Ethelwyn Davies Adeney, a music teacher and a cousin of (Sir) Walford Davies. He began cello studies in Hamilton with J.

Strachan lost his father when he was 14. He entered the University of Aberdeen at only 16 and supported his widowed mother through teaching.

George Lawson Pickard, MBE, oceanographer, educator (born 5 July 1913 in Cardiff, Wales; died 1 May 2007 in Vancouver, BC).