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 Income Distribution refers to the share of total income in society that goes to each fifth of the population, or, more generally, to the distribution of income among Canadian households.

Since 1960 (except 1974) Canada has exported more commodities than it has imported and has had a merchandise trade surplus.

Industrialization is a process of economic and social change. It is one that shifts the centres of economic activity onto the focus of work, wages and incomes. These changes took two forms in Canada, beginning in the 19th century. First, economic and social activities were transformed from agriculture and natural resource extraction to manufacturing and services. Second, economic and social activities shifted from rural cottage industries to urban industrial pursuits. Industrialized production took place under the privately owned factory system, in which a larger proportion of the population expected to be wage earners for all of their working lives. Therefore, industrialization brought major changes, not only in work and the economy, but in the way society was organized and in the relations among different groups in society. Although it has evolved over nearly two centuries, the process of industrialization is considered revolutionary — as the term Industrial Revolution suggests — because it marked the shift from feudalism to capitalism, and from agriculture to manufacturing and services — changes that fundamentally altered human existence.

Jarman Publications Ltd. Established in Toronto in 1947 by Harry E. Jarman (b London 28 Jun 1902, d Toronto 12 Sep 1987), who settled in Canada in 1924. Jarman was editor and advertising manager ca 1926-9 for Musical Canada and program director during the 1930s for radio station CKGW.

In 1995 it had sales or operating revenues of $9.28 billion, assets of $12.0 billion and 7800 employees. In 1987 Imperial bought Sulpetro, a Calgary-based natural gas producer, and in 1990 it completed its merger with Texaco Canada.

Inflation popularly means rising general prices, most frequently calculated by the consumer price index (CPI) — a measure of the cost of a basket of commodities purchased by a typical family.

There are more than 75 000 charities in Canada. They range in size from low-budget, neighbourhood-centred Meals on Wheels services to national healthcare and educational institutions with budgets of almost $1 billion. The majority of registered charities, some 40%, are places of worship.

Started as a one-man enterprise by James Richardson in Kingston, Canada West, in 1857, this family-owned company has emerged as a major international organization, employing more than 2000 people.

Hydro-Québec, a provincially owned corporation based in Montréal, is Canada's largest electric utility and, judged by assets ($30.6 billion in 1986), Canada's second largest corporation.

Hiram Walker Resources Ltd, with head offices in Toronto, was a Canadian holding company with diverse interests. The company was incorporated as the Consumers' Gas Co in 1848 in the Province of Canada.

Sony Music Entertainment (Canada) Inc. (Columbia Records of Canada, 1954-76; CBS Records Canada Ltd/CBS Disques Canada Ltée 1976-90).

Boot Records Ltd. Country-music label formed in 1971 in Toronto by Stompin' Tom Connors and his manager Jury Krytiuk.

The term "intergovernmental finance" refers to the web of financial flows linking governments in a constantly evolving federal system (see FEDERALISM).

International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the principal independent international financial agency concerned with the management of the international monetary system.

John Labatt Limited, with head offices in London, Ontario, is a management holding company which was begun as a small family brewery in 1847 by John Kinder LABATT.

Inco Limited was a Canadian mining company and the world’s leading producer of nickel for much of the 20th century. In October 2006, Inco was purchased by the Brazilian mining company Vale for $19.4 billion.

Compagnie du Nord (Compagnie de la Baie du Nord), fd 1682 by Canadian merchants, led by Charles Aubert de la Chesnaye, to trade into Hudson Bay by sea.

Gourlay, Winter & Leeming, Ltd. Toronto retailer of pianos, player pianos, organs, music boxes, and phonographs, and manufacturer of pianos. The firm was established in 1890 by Robert S. Gourlay (b New York 21 Sep 1852, d Toronto 28 Nov 1932), Francis William Winter, and Thomas Leeming.

Franklin Legge Organ Co. Prominent organ builder in the first half of the 20th century.

Harvest Excursions Before the introduction of the combine, prairie harvests required large numbers of labourers for short periods of time. Harvest excursion trains, 1890-1930, brought workers west - about 14,000 in 1908.