National | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    History of Birth Control in Canada

    Human beings have practised birth control throughout history. However, in 19th-century Canada, this practice was largely forbidden or taboo. It was only in the 1920s that groups of citizens formed to defend birth control. The information, services and products related to this practice became increasingly accessible after the war. During the 1960s, Canada decriminalized contraception and abortion. In the 1970s, the number of organizations and services promoting access to contraception and family planning began to increase. From then on, birth control became an integral part of the public health approach to sexual health.

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  • Editorial

    The Origin of the Name Canada

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/c8d795a7-4ea6-4c7e-aae4-9502d66e96b5.jpg The Origin of the Name Canada

  • Article

    London Conference (Plain-Language Summary)

    The London Conference took place in London, England, from 4 December 1866 to March 1867. Politicians from British North America met with members of the British government. This was the last of three conferences that were held to work out the legal details of Confederation. The first two were the Charlottetown Conference and Quebec Conference. They were both held in 1864. The Quebec Resolutions were agreed upon in Quebec City. They were reviewed and updated in London. They formed the basis of the British North America Act (now the Constitution Act, 1867). It is the foundation of Canada’s Constitution. It was passed by the British Parliament. It received Queen Victoria’s Royal Assent on 29 March 1867. This article is a plain-language summary of the London Conference. If you would like to read about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: London Conference. 

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  • Article

    National Policy

    The National Policy was a central economic and political strategy of the Conservative Party under Prime Minister John A. Macdonald, and many of his successors in high office. It meant that from 1878 until the Second World War, Canada levied high tariffs on foreign imported goods, to shield Canadian manufacturers from American competition.

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  • Article

    National Policy (Plain-Language Summary)

    The National Policy was a protectionist policy. It was a main focus of the Conservative Party for decades. It began under Prime Minister John A. Macdonald. It continued under many of his successors. Under the policy, Canada imposed high tariffs (taxes) on imported goods. This shielded manufacturers in Canada from US competition. The policy was in effect from 1878 until the Second World War. This article is a plain-language summary of the National Policy. If you would like to read about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: National Policy.

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  • Article

    October Crisis (Plain-Language Summary)

    The October Crisis happened in the fall of 1970. It was sparked by the Front de liberation du Québec (FLQ). The FLQ used terrorist tactics to try and make Quebec independent from Canada. On 5 October, the FLQ kidnapped James Cross, a British trade commissioner. The FLQ also kidnapped Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act. The Act had never been used before during peacetime. It suspended civil liberties and led to hundreds of arrests. Laporte was murdered and found on 17 October. Cross was freed on 3 December. The crisis ended on 28 December, when Laporte’s killers were captured. (This article is a plain-language summary of the October Crisis. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see the full-length entry.)

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  • Article

    Patriation of the Constitution

    In 1982, Canada “patriated” its Constitution. It transferred the country’s highest law, the British North America Act (which was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867), from the authority of the British Parliament to Canada’s federal and provincial legislatures. The Constitution was also updated with a new amending formula and a Charter of Rights and Freedoms. These changes occurred after a fierce, 18-month political and legal struggle that dominated headlines and the agendas of every government in the country.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Patriation of the Constitution

  • Editorial

    Editorial: The Canadian Constitution Comes Home

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. In April 1982, as an Ottawa winter turned to spring, Queen Elizabeth II made her eleventh visit to Canada. She had come to make it official. After more than a half-century of trying, Canada would have its own constitution. A Canadian-made constitution was unfinished business from the country’s colonial past. The British North America Act in 1867 set out the jurisdictions of the federal and provincial governments and created the Dominion of Canada. It was, however, a law of the British Parliament, and it could only be amended (changed) by the British. 

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  • Article

    Persons Case (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Persons Case was a constitutional ruling. It established the right of women to serve in the Senate. The case was started by the Famous Five. They were a group of women activists. In 1928, they objected to a Supreme Court of Canada ruling that women were not “persons.” As such, they were not allowed to serve in the Senate. The Famous Five challenged the law. In 1929, the decision was reversed. As a result, women were legally recognized as “persons.” They could no longer be denied rights based on a narrow reading of the law. (This article is a plain-language summary of the Persons Case. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see the full-length entry.)

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  • Article

    SS Queen Victoria, Lost Ship of Confederation

    The SS Queen Victoria played host to crucial discussions about Confederation in Charlottetown harbour in 1864. Two years later, the ship was lost in a hurricane off Cape Hatteras. The wreckage has never been found.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/7c6fd58d-8f6a-4557-baf5-d9d38ea623ff.jpg SS Queen Victoria, Lost Ship of Confederation

  • Article

    Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) started working in 2008. It was a result of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (IRSSA). The IRSSA recognized the suffering and trauma experienced by Indigenous students at residential schools. It also provided financial compensation (money) to the students. The TRC performed many tasks. It created a national research centre. It collected documents from churches and government. It held events where students told their stories. Also, it did research about residential schools and issued a final report. (See also  Reconciliation in Canada.)

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